In recent years, the popularity of 80% lowers has soared among firearms enthusiasts. These unfinished firearm receivers offer gun owners the unique opportunity to build their own firearms, bypassing some of the regulatory challenges associated with buying fully assembled guns. While the concept of 80% lowers may seem appealing to many, it’s essential to understand both the potential benefits and the legal responsibilities involved in completing one.
This comprehensive guide will explore everything you need to know about 80% lowers, including their definition, legalities, the process of completing one, and why more and more people are choosing to build their firearms from scratch.
What Are 80% Lowers?
An 80% lower is a partially completed receiver for a firearm that requires additional work to become functional. The term “80%” refers to the fact that about 80% of the machining has already been done, but the remaining 20% of work is still required to finish the lower. Specifically, the remaining tasks usually involve drilling pin holes, cutting the fire control pocket, and completing other small details that turn the lower receiver into a fully functional part of a firearm.
The beauty of an 80% lower is that it is not technically considered a firearm until it is completed. As a result, it does not require the same level of regulation as a fully assembled firearm. This means that, in many areas, 80% lowers can be purchased without a background check. However, once the lower is completed, it becomes a functional firearm and must adhere to all applicable firearm laws.
Why Are 80% Lowers Popular?
1. Customization and Personalization
One of the biggest reasons 80% lowers have become so popular is the level of customization they offer. When building your own firearm from an 80% lower, you are not limited to factory specifications. You can choose the components that fit your preferences, such as the barrel, trigger, stock, and grip. This allows you to build a firearm that perfectly suits your needs, whether you’re interested in hunting, target shooting, or personal defense.
For many gun owners, the ability to select every part of the firearm and assemble it themselves is incredibly appealing. You can opt for specialized parts to improve performance, ergonomics, or even aesthetics, ensuring that the end product is exactly what you want.
2. Cost Savings
Building a firearm from an 80% lower can be more cost-effective than purchasing a pre-assembled firearm. Pre-assembled firearms often come with a significant markup for labor, branding, and assembly. By taking on the work yourself, you can save money while still ending up with a high-quality firearm.
Though there is an initial investment in tools and equipment (such as a drill press, mill, or jig), once you have these items, you can use them to complete multiple lowers, making the overall cost much more affordable in the long run. This makes 80% lowers a great option for people who enjoy DIY projects and want to save money on firearms.
3. Learning Experience and Skill Development
Building a firearm from an 80% lower also provides valuable learning opportunities. For individuals interested in gunsmithing or firearms maintenance, this is an excellent way to understand the inner workings of a firearm. By completing the lower receiver and assembling the rest of the components, you’ll gain hands-on experience with firearms, learning how different parts interact and how to troubleshoot potential issues.
For those who enjoy working with their hands, completing an 80% lower is a satisfying challenge. You’ll develop your machining skills, gain a deeper understanding of firearm design, and improve your knowledge of gun maintenance.
4. Privacy and Freedom
For some, the allure of 80% lowers lies in the privacy they offer. In many areas, buying an 80% lower doesn’t require a background check, since it is not yet considered a firearm. This can be appealing for individuals who value discretion in their firearms ownership.
However, it’s important to note that while buying an 80% lower may not require a background check, once you complete the lower and assemble it into a fully functional firearm, it will be classified as a firearm and will be subject to all local, state, and federal regulations.
The Legal Landscape of 80% Lowers
While 80% lowers are not considered firearms by the ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives) until they are completed, they are still subject to certain regulations. Here’s what you need to know about the legal landscape surrounding 80% lowers:
1. Federal Regulations
Under federal law, an 80% lower is not classified as a firearm because it cannot expel a projectile by the action of an explosive until it is finished. For this reason, an 80% lower can be purchased without the need for a background check in many states, and it does not require serial numbers, as long as it remains in its unfinished state.
However, once the 80% lower is completed, it becomes a functional firearm and must adhere to the Gun Control Act of 1968. This means it must be serialized, and it will be subject to the same regulations as any other firearm. In some cases, you may need to apply for a serial number or register the firearm with local authorities.
2. State Laws and Regulations
Although federal law provides a general framework for 80% lowers, many states have their own laws regarding their sale, purchase, and completion. Some states, such as California, New Jersey, and New York, have stricter regulations around 80% lowers and require background checks or additional paperwork for individuals wishing to build their own firearms.
For example, California has strict laws regarding “ghost guns,” which include 80% lowers that are finished and assembled without serial numbers. In California, you may be required to register your completed firearm with the state, and there are specific regulations surrounding the sale of 80% lowers.
Other states, like Texas and Florida, are more lenient when it comes to 80% lowers, and there are fewer restrictions on purchasing and building firearms. However, it’s essential to check the laws in your specific state to ensure compliance.
3. Serialization and Registration
In some states, it is mandatory to serialize a completed firearm. Serialization is the process of assigning a unique identification number to your firearm, which can be used to trace the gun in case it is lost or stolen. If your state requires serialization, you will need to apply for a serial number for your completed lower and affix it to the firearm before you can legally use it.
In states that do not require serialization, you may still choose to serialize your firearm for personal record-keeping, which can be helpful for insurance or legal purposes.
The Process of Completing an 80% Lower
Building a firearm from an 80% lower is a relatively simple process, but it requires attention to detail and precision. Here’s a step-by-step guide to completing your 80% lower:
1. Get the Necessary Tools
To begin, you’ll need the following tools:
- A drill press or milling machine: These tools are used to drill and cut the necessary holes and fire control pocket in the lower.
- An 80% lower jig: A jig is a guide that helps align the lower receiver and ensures that the machining process is done correctly.
- Drill bits and end mills: These are used to drill pin holes and mill out the fire control pocket.
- Safety equipment: Wear eye protection, gloves, and hearing protection while working with tools.
2. Set Up the Jig
The first step is to securely clamp the 80% lower into the jig. The jig will help guide your drilling and milling process, ensuring that everything is aligned properly. Without the jig, it would be difficult to achieve the precision needed to finish the lower.
3. Drill the Pin Holes
Using the appropriate drill bits, you will need to drill holes for the various pins that will secure the trigger, safety, and other components. This step is crucial because the pin holes need to be drilled precisely to allow the parts to fit securely.
4. Mill the Fire Control Pocket
Next, you’ll need to mill the fire control pocket. This is the area where the trigger mechanism will be installed. The fire control pocket is the most critical part of the 80% lower, and precision here is key to ensuring your firearm functions properly. Use a milling machine or drill press to remove the material from this section.
5. Finishing and Assembly
Once the machining is complete, you will need to smooth out any rough edges and ensure that all parts fit together correctly. You can also choose to anodize or coat the metal to protect it from corrosion. Finally, you can install the trigger group, hammer, and other parts to complete the assembly.
6. Conduct a Function Check
Before using your firearm, it’s essential to conduct a function check to ensure that everything works as intended. This will help you catch any issues before you go to the range or use the firearm for self-defense.
Conclusion
80% lowers provide a unique opportunity for firearm enthusiasts to build their own guns from scratch. They offer customization, cost savings, and the chance to learn about firearm mechanics. However, it’s important to understand the legal complexities surrounding 80% lowers and to ensure that you are following all state and federal laws when purchasing and completing these parts. With the right tools, knowledge, and dedication, completing an 80% lower can be a rewarding and satisfying project for gun owners looking to create a firearm tailored to their needs.